تاریخ آخرین بروزرسانی: 24 اکتبر 2019 در 9:44 ب.ظ
تحقیقی در واژه «الزحف»
متن پیشرو تحقیقی در واژة «الزَّحْف» در روایت «… اجْعَلْ شَرْطَكَ زَحْفاً …» است که توسط نویسنده محترم حضرت حجت الاسلام سجاد عبدالامیر محقق و پژوهشگر علوم اسلامی نوشته شده است.
متن این پژوهش را می توانید از بخش زیر دانلود نمایید:
لازم به ذکر است که این پژوهش توسط واحد پژوهش موسسه طبنا ویرایش و در نهایت منتشر شده است، که توجه شما را به این پژوهش جلب می نماییم.
بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
انواع شرط (تیغ زدن در حجامت)!
می توان سه ویژگی اصلی برای شیوة شرط یا همان تیغ زنی در حجامت بر شمرد:
- سرعت (تندی یا کندی نشتر زدن).
- طول (کوتاهی یا بلندی زخم نشتر).
- عمق (سطحی یا عمیق بودن زخم نشتر).
بر اساس این سه ویژگی، 8 نوع مختلف از نشتر زنی (یا همان تیغ زدن) قابل تصوّر است:
- کند و بلند و عمیق.
- تند و بلند و عمیق.
- کند و کوتاه و عمیق.
- تند و کوتاه و عمیق.
- کند و بلند و سطحی.
- تند و بلند و سطحی.
- کند و کوتاه و سطحی.
- تند و کوتاه و سطحی.
از میان این انواع، نوع اوّل (یعنی کند و بلند و عمیق) آزار دهنده ترین، و نوع هشتم (یعنی تند و کوتاه و سطحی) کم آزار ترین حالت تیغ زدن برای محجوم است.
بررسی روایت!
در کتاب شریف «الخصال»، در باب «ما جاء في يوم الخميس»، روایتی از قول امام صادق ع وارد شده است. بخشی از این روایت به شیوة کشیدن نشتر در حجامت مربوط است. حضرت به غلام خود که مشغول حجامت آن حضرت است، می فرماید: « … اجْعَلْ شَرْطَكَ زَحْفاً … » . یعنی نشتر خود را به صورت «زحف» بر پوست بکش.
تمام مطلب در این عبارت، در فهم معنای واژة «الزَّحْف» خلاصه می شود. اهمّیّت فهم این واژه وقتی بیشتر می شود که بدانیم در میان روایات متعدّد حجامت، عبارت دیگری که به شیوة نشتر زدن و نوع تیغ زدن بپردازد یافت نمی گردد. بنابراین اگر کسی روایت مذکور را بپذیرد و بخواهد بر مبنای آن عمل کند – البته با صرف نظر از نظر حکما و اطبای متقدم در نوع و شکل نشتر زنی، که بدون شک برای طبابت این امر باید لحاظ شود - باید مطمئن گردد که مفهوم عبارت مورد اشاره را به خوبی فهمیده است. چون در غیر این صورت ممکن است حجامت را که رکن رکین طبّ قدیم و شیوة بی بدیل درمانی در این طبّ است، به صورت نادرست انجام داده باشد.
یک برداشت غلط!
برخی از مدعیان طب اسلامی واژة «الزَّحف» را به معنای «خزیدن» گرفته اند و بر این مبنا استنباط کرده اند که زدن نشتر باید مانند خزیدن یک خزنده، سه ویژگی داشته باشد:
- کند باشد.
- بلند باشد.
- سطحی باشد.
ایشان اینگونه استدلال می کنند که همانگونه که خزنده ها، آرام روی زمین می خزند، پس تیغ حجامت را نیز باید آرام و به کندی روی محل حجامت کشید و اگر کسی تیغ را به سرعت در محل حجامت قرار دهد خلاف روایات عمل کرده است.
همچنین همانگونه که خزنده ها بعد از خزیدن یک رد بلندی از خود روی زمین به جای می گذارند، پس تیغ حجامت نیز باید کشیده و بلند باشد. به همین دلیل مثلا اگر کسی تیغ حجامت را به طول نیم یا یک سانتی متر بر محل حجامت وارد کند، در واقع خلاف روایات عمل کرده است.
همچنین حالت سومی که از خزیدن متصور است سطحی بودن خزیدن است، به همین دلیل تیغ حجامت به هیچ عنوان نباید عمیق زده شود، به همین دلیل اگر کسی به دلیل خاصی تیغ حجامت را عمیق تر از حالت عادی وارد نماید از نظر ایشان خلاف روایات عمل کرده است.
نقد دلالی این برداشت!
بر فرض اینکه که بپذیریم واژة «الزَّحف» به معنای خزیدن است، این معنا تنها می تواند صریح در سطحی بودن باشد و دلالتی بر بلندی و یا کندی ندارد. زیرا حرکت خزنده می تواند کوتاه یا سریع نیز باشد و در عین حال باز هم بدان اطلاق خزیدن گردد. پس این معنا فقط دلالت دارد بر اینکه حرکت نشتر بر روی پوست باید سطحی باشد؛ اما از بیان طول زخم نشتر (یعنی کوتاهی یا بلندی آن) و یا سرعت نشتر (یعنی سریع یا آرام زدن تیغ) این روایت ساکت است و برداشت چیزی جز سطحی بودن از آن جفا در حق روایات است.
همچنین برداشت دیگری که از این واژه می شود – برفرض که بپذیریم واژه «الزَّحف» به معنای خزیدن استعمال شده است – این است که تیغ حجامت مانند سوزن زدن نباشد و کمی روی پوست کشیده شود. بعد از معنای «سطحی بودن تیغ» این نیز به ذهن متبادر می شود که وجه شبه در خزیدن یک خزنده و تیغ زدن یک حجام این است که تیغ حجامت باید کمی روی پوست کشیده شود (در واقع صرف زدن نباشد و در بلندی و کندی آن لفظ ساکت است). لازم به ذکر است این بدان معنا نیست که حجام تیغ حجامت را، مثلا از بالا تا پایین محل محجمه، آن هم به اندازه حدودا 10 سانتی متر بر بدن بیمار وارد کند.)
نقد تطبیقی
بنابر برداشت مدعیان طب اسلامی (یعنی همان کشیدن نشتر کند، آرام و سطحی و کشدار)، طبیعی است که در چنین شیوه ای، محجوم درد و سوزشی به یادماندنی را متحمّل می گردد. نیز ردّ زخم حجامت (خصوصاً در مواضع حسّاسی چون صورت) ممکن است بیشتر باقی بماند. اینجا این پرسش پیش می آید که آیا عملی یداوی چون حجامت، که برای صحیح و سقیم، و به صورت عمومی و موضعی، و برای کودک و پیر و جوان توصیة اکید شده است، آیا می تواند به صورت دردآور و مُزجع تجویز شده باشد که خاطرة آن همیشه در ذهن بماند و مردم از انجام آن احتراز نمایند؟! و با توجّه به آنکه حجامت فقط یک راهکار درمانی نیست و به عنوان یک دستور بهداشتی و پیشگیرانه نیز توصیه شده، و اسلام عزیز هم دین سهله و سمحه است، و خداوند متعال هم در تشریع و تکوین خود امر مشقّت آور را روا نمی دارد، آیا می توان به چنین برداشتی از واژة مورد بحث که مستلزم میزانی از عسر است قانع شد؟!
پاسخی که ممکن است به این پرسش داده شود این است که: «ما مصلحت امر و نهی روایات را نمی دانیم و ممکن است حکمت و فایدة این نوع نشتر زدن زجر آور، در همان زجر و وجع آن باشد. اصلاً ای بسا وقتی چنین درد و سوزشی در محلّ حجامت رخ می دهد، برخی غدد بدن هورمونی را وارد خون نمایند که تمام یا اکثر نفع حجامت، به آزاد شدن همان هورمون باشد. یا شاید درد و سوزش محلّ حجامت باعث شود گلبول های سفید بیشتری در محلّ زخم جمع شوند و مانع ورود و هجوم عفونت ها از راه خراش حجامت به بدن گردند. و یا هزار و یک مصلحت دیگر که ما از آن بی اطلاعیم و فقط معصوم می داند».
اینطور پاسخ های ایمان گرایانه به پرسش مطروحه، هرچند غیر عاقلانه نیست، اما فقط در حدّ احتمال است و باید توانایی انطباق با روح قوانین اسلامی و نصوص محکم را داشته باشند. این پاسخ ها تنها در صورتی قابل پذیرش می باشند که بتوان اطمینان نمود که روایت مورد بحث، افادة کندی و بلندی می کند. در غیر این صورت اصل آن است که نباید محجوم را مورد آزار قرار داد و سنّت حسنة حجامت را به خاطره ای دردناک و ترسناک تبدیل نمود. و حتی بعید هم نیست که از قضا سرکنگبین صفرا فزاید و اساساً چنین شیوة آزار دهنده ای برای حجامت، نه تنها اثر بخشی نداشته باشد، که از سویی باعث واکنش منفی بدن و نفی برخی فوائد جسمی حجامت گردد، و از سوی دیگر نیز نوعی اضطراب و بحران روحی برای محجوم و بیمار پدید آورد که از خود بیماری ضررش کمتر نباشد. در صورتی که نتوانیم این نظریّه را بر قوانین کلّی اسلام تطبیق دهیم، طبعاً اجازة تبعیّت از آنرا نخواهیم داشت و باید نوع هشتم از نشتر زنی را که کمترین آزار را برای بیمار دارد تجویز نماییم (یعنی سریع، کوتاه و سطحی)
نقد لغوی!
حال وقت آن رسیده است که به معنای مصدری و برخی مشتقّات واژة «الزَّحْف» بپردازیم تا درک دقیقی از آن پیدا کنیم. با دقّت در صروف مختلف این واژه می توان پی برد که دو نوع معنا در بطن ریشة آن خوابیده است:
معنای نوع اوّل: خزیدن و کند حرکت کردن.
زَحَفَ: روی زانوها یا بر روی کپل هایش آهسته آهسته به جلو خزید.
زَحَفَ الشَّیئَ: آن چیز را با کندی و آهستگی به سوی خود کشید.
الزَّواحِف: خزندگان.
معنای نوع دوّم: خسته شدن از حرکت و درماندن از طیّ مسیر طولانی.
زَحَفَ البَعیرُ: شتر خسته و مانده شد.
الزُّحفَه: کسی که خیلی به سفرهای نزدیک می رود و به جاهای دور نمی رود.
طبق معنای نوع اوّل، عبارت « … اجْعَلْ شَرْطَكَ زَحْفاً … »، بدین معناست: «نشتر خود را به کندی و با حالت خزیدن بر روی پوست بکش، نه با سرعت و عجله». همانطور که گفتم، این همان حالت نوع پنجم است: «کند و بلند و سطحی».
اما بنا بر معنای نوع دوّم، عبارت مذکور را باید اینگونه معنا کرد: «نشتر خود را به کوتاهی بر روی پوست بکش؛ مانند شخصی که در میانة راه از حرکت کردن خسته می شود و از ادامة راه باز می ایستد؛ نه آنکه آنرا تا آخرین حدّ دایرة حجامت ادامه دهی و جای زخم را طولانی کنی».
از این گزاره فقط می توان کوتاهی را استنباط نمود و دربارة سرعت و عمق ساکت است. پس در سرعت و عمق، به اصل مراجعه می نماییم و گزینة «تند» و «سطحی» را اخذ می نماییم که به انضمام گزینة «کوتاه»، حالت هشتم شکل می گیرد: «تند و کوتاه و سطحی».
اگر فرض کنیم هیچ روایتی در زمینة شیوة نشتر زنی در حجامت نداشته باشیم و هیچ توصیه ی طبی از حکما هم در هیچ کتابی وجود نداشته باشد، علی القاعده حق نداریم به هیچکدام از هفت حالت اوّل نشتر بزنیم. زیرا بلند بودن محلّ زخم نشتر، یا کند بودن عملیّات نشتر زدن، و یا عمیق بودن آن، موجب آزار محجوم است. و اصل بر آن است که محجوم باید هر چه کمتر آزار ببیند. و این اصل مورد خدشه قرار نمی گیرد، مگر آنکه از روایات ثابت گردد خلاف آن به مصلحت محجوم است. در سنّتی چون حجامت که طبق برخی نقل ها بیش از 100 روایت دربارة آن وجود دارد، طبعاً اگر دربارة استثناء اصل در شیوة نشتر زنی، مصلحتی وجود می داشت، به صراحت در روایات می آمد.
نظر علّامه مجلسی (ره)
و اما علّامة مجلسی (ره) در کتاب بحار در ذیل این روایت می فرماید: «و اجعل شرطك زحْفاً أي أسرِع في البضع و استعمال المِشرط» . از این سخن علّامه معلوم می شود که ایشان اتّفاقاً واژة «الزَّحْف» را به معنای تندی گرفته است، نه کندی! البته این روایت هیچ اشاره ای به سرعت (تند یا کند بودن) در نشتر زدن ندارد و از بیان آن خاموش است. پس منطقی نیست که این فراز روایت را به معنای تندی بگیریم. اما شاید جناب علّامه منظورش تعیین سرعت هر یک بار نشتر زدن نبوده و می خواسته سرعت کلّ عملیّات نشتر زنی در یک حجامت را مورد اشاره قرار دهد. به عبارت دیگر وقتی طبق عبارت مورد بحث، طول مسیر حرکت نشتر در هر بار نشتر زدن کوتاه گردد، علّامه اینگونه نتیجه می گیرد که طبعاً فاصلة زمانیِ میان هر بار نشتر زدن با بار بعدی هم کوتاه می گردد و سرعت کلّ عملیّات نشتر زنی افزایش می یابد.
به هر حال علّامه مجلسی هم عبارت مورد بحث را به معنای کند و آرام کشیدن نشتر بر روی پوست محجوم نگرفته است و این مؤیّد نظر ماست.
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